Special Topic – UPSC Geography Synopsis
UPSC Economic Geography Revision | Page 19
Economic Geography, Industries and Trade
Economic Geography studies the distribution of resources, industries, trade and economic activities across the world. It helps in understanding regional development and economic growth.
Economic Geography
Economic Geography focuses on production, distribution and consumption activities.
Major Economic Activities
- Primary Activities
- Secondary Activities
- Tertiary Activities
- Quaternary Activities
Primary Activities
These activities involve direct use of natural resources.
Examples
- Agriculture
- Fishing
- Mining
- Forestry
Secondary Activities
These activities involve manufacturing and processing.
Examples
- Textile Industry
- Steel Industry
- Automobile Industry
Secondary activities add value to raw materials.
Tertiary Activities
Tertiary activities provide services to people and industries.
Examples
- Transport
- Banking
- Communication
- Tourism
Quaternary Activities
Quaternary activities involve knowledge-based services.
Examples
- Research and Development
- Information Technology
- Education
- Consultancy Services
Bengaluru is a major IT hub in India.
Industrial Location Factors
Industries are established based on several geographical and economic factors.
Major Factors
- Availability of raw materials
- Power supply
- Transport facilities
- Labour availability
- Market access
Major Industries in India
- Iron and Steel Industry
- Textile Industry
- Information Technology Industry
- Pharmaceutical Industry
- Automobile Industry
Mumbai is known for textiles, while Jamshedpur is famous for the steel industry.
Iron and Steel Industry
The iron and steel industry is considered the backbone of industrial development.
Major Steel Plants
- Bhilai
- Rourkela
- Durgapur
- Bokaro
Steel industries are generally located near coal and iron ore regions.
Textile Industry
The textile industry is one of the oldest industries in India.
Major Centres
- Mumbai
- Ahmedabad
- Coimbatore
- Surat
Trade
Trade refers to the exchange of goods and services. It plays a major role in economic development.
Types of Trade
- Internal Trade
- International Trade
Exports and Imports
- Exports → Goods sold to foreign countries
- Imports → Goods purchased from foreign countries
India exports software services, petroleum products and pharmaceuticals.
Balance of Trade
Balance of trade refers to the difference between exports and imports.
Types
- Trade Surplus
- Trade Deficit
A country has a trade surplus when exports exceed imports.
Transport and Trade
Efficient transportation systems promote trade and industrial growth.
Important Transport Systems
- Roadways
- Railways
- Waterways
- Airways
Globalisation
Globalisation increases economic integration between countries.
Effects of Globalisation
- Expansion of markets
- Foreign investment
- Technology transfer
- Increased competition
Sustainable Industrial Development
Industrial growth should be balanced with environmental protection.
Measures
- Use of clean energy
- Waste recycling
- Pollution control
- Green technology
Important UPSC Facts
- Primary activities depend on natural resources
- Steel industry is the backbone of industrial growth
- Bengaluru is an IT hub
- Exports earn foreign exchange
- Globalisation increases international trade
Quick Revision Box
- Primary Activities → Resource extraction
- Secondary Activities → Manufacturing
- Tertiary Activities → Services
- Exports → Goods sold abroad
- Trade Deficit → Imports exceed exports
- Globalisation → Economic integration
Mind Map – Economic Geography
-
Economic Geography
- Industries
- Trade
- Transport
- Globalisation
- Industrial Development
- Services Sector
Shaktimatha Learning
UPSC Economic Geography Revision – English Version
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