Special Topic – UPSC Indian History Synopsis
UPSC History Revision | Page 33
British Rule, Revolt of 1857 and Freedom Movement
Modern Indian history explains the expansion of British rule, economic exploitation, social reforms and the freedom struggle. The Revolt of 1857 and national movements played major roles in India’s independence.
Arrival of Europeans
European trading companies came to India for trade and commerce.
Major European Powers
- Portuguese
- Dutch
- French
- British
The British East India Company became the most powerful.
Battle of Plassey (1757)
The Battle of Plassey marked the beginning of British political control in India.
Important Facts
- Fought between Siraj-ud-Daulah and Robert Clive
- British victory strengthened East India Company
Battle of Buxar (1764)
The Battle of Buxar consolidated British power in India.
Importance
- British gained Diwani rights in Bengal
- Expanded political influence
Economic Impact of British Rule
- Drain of wealth
- Decline of traditional industries
- Exploitation of farmers
- Heavy taxation
Social and Religious Reform Movements
Many reformers worked against social evils and promoted modern education.
Important Reformers
- Raja Ram Mohan Roy
- Swami Vivekananda
- Dayananda Saraswati
- Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Revolt of 1857
The Revolt of 1857 was the first major uprising against British rule.
Causes of Revolt
- Political dissatisfaction
- Economic exploitation
- Religious interference
- Military grievances
Important Leaders of Revolt
- Rani Lakshmibai
- Bahadur Shah II
- Tantia Tope
- Nana Sahib
- Begum Hazrat Mahal
Results of Revolt
- End of East India Company rule
- Beginning of Crown rule
- Administrative reforms
Indian National Congress (INC)
The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885.
Founder
A.O. Hume
Objectives
- Political awareness
- Representation of Indians
- National unity
Moderates and Extremists
Moderates
- Believed in constitutional methods
- Demanded reforms peacefully
Extremists
- Demanded aggressive nationalism
- Promoted Swadeshi and boycott
Partition of Bengal (1905)
The British partitioned Bengal in 1905, leading to the Swadeshi Movement.
Effects
- Growth of nationalism
- Boycott of foreign goods
- Promotion of indigenous industries
Home Rule Movement
The Home Rule Movement demanded self-government for India.
Leaders
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak
- Annie Besant
Gandhian Era
Mahatma Gandhi transformed the freedom struggle through non-violence and mass movements.
Major Movements
- Non-Cooperation Movement
- Civil Disobedience Movement
- Quit India Movement
Important Events
- Jallianwala Bagh Massacre → 1919
- Dandi March → 1930
- Quit India Movement → 1942
Indian Independence
India gained independence on 15 August 1947.
The country was partitioned into India and Pakistan.
Important UPSC Facts
- Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757
- Revolt of 1857 ended Company rule
- INC was founded in 1885
- Partition of Bengal happened in 1905
- Quit India Movement started in 1942
Quick Revision Box
- Plassey → Beginning of British rule
- 1857 Revolt → First major uprising
- INC → Founded in 1885
- Gandhi → Non-violence movement
- Dandi March → Salt Satyagraha
- 1947 → Indian Independence
Mind Map – Modern Indian History
-
Modern Indian History
- British Expansion
- Revolt of 1857
- INC
- Swadeshi Movement
- Gandhian Movements
- Independence
Shaktimatha Learning
UPSC Indian History Synopsis – English Version
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