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🌊 WAVES (Mechanical Waves)

Stage 2 – Page 9 : Doppler Effect


1️⃣ What is Doppler Effect?

Doppler Effect is the apparent change in frequency (or wavelength) of a wave due to relative motion between the source and the observer.

If source & observer are stationary → no Doppler effect.


2️⃣ Basic Doppler Effect Formula (Sound)

f' = f × ( v ± vo ) / ( v ∓ vs )

  • f' = observed frequency
  • f = source frequency
  • v = speed of sound in medium
  • vo = velocity of observer
  • vs = velocity of source

3️⃣ Sign Convention (MOST IMPORTANT)

Case Sign Used
Observer moving towards source + vo
Observer moving away − vo
Source moving towards observer − vs
Source moving away + vs

4️⃣ Special Cases (JEE Favorite)

🔹 Case 1: Moving Observer, Source at Rest

f' = f ( v ± vo ) / v

🔹 Case 2: Moving Source, Observer at Rest

f' = f v / ( v ∓ vs )

🔹 Case 3: Both Moving

f' = f ( v ± vo ) / ( v ∓ vs )


5️⃣ Approach vs Recede (Quick Logic)

  • Approaching → frequency increases
  • Receding → frequency decreases

Always imagine compression or stretching of wavefronts.


6️⃣ Doppler Effect in Still Medium

Medium is assumed stationary (air at rest). Only source & observer motion matters.


7️⃣ JEE-Type Numerical Example

A source of frequency 500 Hz moves towards a stationary observer with speed 20 m/s. Speed of sound = 340 m/s. Find apparent frequency.

Solution:
f' = 500 × 340 / (340 − 20) = 531.25 Hz


8️⃣ Common Mistakes in JEE

  • Wrong sign convention
  • Using medium velocity incorrectly
  • Confusing observer motion with source motion

9️⃣ Conceptual JEE Questions

  • Why Doppler effect is not observed in light the same way?
  • Effect when wind is present?
  • Why beats are not Doppler effect?

➡️ Next Page Preview

  • Doppler Effect with Wind
  • Relative velocity method
  • Advanced numericals

Stage 2 – Page 9 Completed Successfully ✅

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