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🌊 WAVES (Mechanical Waves)

Stage 1 – Page 8 : Standing Waves (JEE / Intermediate Level)


1️⃣ What is a Standing Wave?

A standing wave is formed due to the superposition of two waves having the same frequency, same amplitude and same speed but travelling in opposite directions.

Key Feature:
Standing waves do not transfer energy from one point to another.


2️⃣ Formation of Standing Waves

Standing waves are formed when:

  • An incident wave reflects from a boundary
  • The reflected wave overlaps with the incident wave
  • Both waves have same frequency and amplitude

Example: Waves on a stretched string fixed at one end


3️⃣ Mathematical Representation

Incident wave:

y₁ = A sin (ωt − kx)

Reflected wave:

y₂ = A sin (ωt + kx)

Resultant wave:

y = 2A sin (ωt) cos (kx)

This equation represents a Standing Wave


4️⃣ Nodes

Node is a point on the standing wave where the displacement is always zero.

  • Amplitude = 0
  • Particles never vibrate
  • Energy is minimum

Condition for node:

cos (kx) = 0

⇒ kx = (2n + 1)π/2


5️⃣ Antinodes

Antinode is a point where the displacement is maximum.

  • Amplitude = maximum (2A)
  • Particles vibrate with maximum energy

Condition for antinode:

cos (kx) = ±1

⇒ kx = nπ


6️⃣ Distance Relations (Very Important)

Points Distance
Two consecutive nodes λ / 2
Two consecutive antinodes λ / 2
Node to adjacent antinode λ / 4

7️⃣ Energy Distribution

  • Energy is localized
  • No net energy flow along the medium
  • Energy oscillates between KE and PE

8️⃣ Comparison: Progressive vs Standing Waves

Progressive Wave Standing Wave
Transfers energy No energy transfer
All particles vibrate Nodes don’t vibrate
Same amplitude everywhere Amplitude varies

9️⃣ Common JEE Mistakes

  • Assuming energy flow in standing waves ❌
  • Confusing node distance with wavelength ❌
  • Forgetting λ/4 relation ❌

🔟 One-Line Memory Tricks

Node = No motion
Antinode = All motion


Stage 1 – Page 8 Completed ✅

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