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🌊 WAVES (Mechanical Waves)

Stage 2 – Page 3 : Standing Waves on a String (Harmonics & Modes)


1️⃣ What is a Standing Wave?

A standing wave is formed due to the superposition of two identical waves travelling in opposite directions.

Key Feature:
Energy does not propagate — oscillations remain localized.


2️⃣ Nodes and Antinodes

Point Property
Node Zero displacement
Antinode Maximum displacement

Distance between two consecutive nodes (or antinodes):

λ / 2


3️⃣ String Fixed at Both Ends

This is the most common JEE configuration.

Boundary Condition:
Both ends are nodes.

Allowed Wavelengths

λₙ = 2L / n

Allowed Frequencies

fₙ = n × (v / 2L)

where n = 1, 2, 3, ...


4️⃣ Fundamental Mode (First Harmonic)

  • n = 1
  • Lowest frequency
  • Longest wavelength

f₁ = v / 2L


5️⃣ Higher Harmonics

Harmonic Frequency Nodes
1st f 2
2nd 2f 3
3rd 3f 4

6️⃣ Numerical Example

Question:
A string of length 1 m is fixed at both ends. Wave speed is 100 m/s. Find fundamental frequency.

Solution:

f₁ = v / 2L = 100 / (2 × 1)

f₁ = 50 Hz


7️⃣ Important Relations for JEE

  • fₙ ∝ n
  • λₙ ∝ 1/n
  • Energy ∝ amplitude²
  • Frequency independent of amplitude

8️⃣ Common JEE Traps

  • Confusing harmonic number with number of loops
  • Forgetting both ends are nodes
  • Using v = fλ incorrectly

9️⃣ Fast Problem-Solving Tips

  • Draw the wave pattern
  • Count loops → harmonic number
  • Use ratios instead of absolute values

🔟 Next Page Preview

  • String fixed at one end, free at other
  • Odd harmonics only

Stage 2 – Page 3 Completed ✅

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