Gravitation – Complete Intermediate Notes
Stage 1 • Page 1 • Conceptual Foundation
1. Introduction to Gravitation
Gravitation is the universal force of attraction between any two masses in the universe. It explains:
- Why objects fall towards Earth
- Why planets revolve around the Sun
- Why satellites stay in orbit
- Why tides occur in oceans
Exam Insight:
IIT/JEE questions often test gravitation by mixing it with
circular motion, energy, and rotational ideas.
2. Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
According to Newton:
Every two masses attract each other with a force
directly proportional to the product of their masses
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F = G × (m₁ m₂) / r²
- F → Gravitational force
- G → Universal gravitational constant
- m₁, m₂ → Masses
- r → Distance between centres
Important:
Gravitation is always attractive and acts along the line joining the centres.
3. Universal Gravitational Constant (G)
The value of G is:
G = 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ N m² kg⁻²
- Same everywhere in the universe
- Very small value → gravitational force is weak
- Independent of medium, temperature, shape
Board Tip:
Always write unit of G correctly — marks are deducted for unit errors.
4. Vector Nature of Gravitational Force
Gravitational force is a vector quantity:
- Has both magnitude and direction
- Direction is along the line joining two masses
- Force on each mass is equal and opposite
IIT Angle:
Questions may involve resolving gravitational forces in
two or three dimensions.
5. Gravitational Force vs Other Forces
| Force | Nature | Strength |
|---|---|---|
| Gravitational | Always attractive | Weakest |
| Electrostatic | Attractive/Repulsive | Very strong |
6. Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Taking distance between surfaces instead of centres
- Forgetting square on distance
- Using weight instead of mass
- Wrong unit conversion
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- Gravitation – Part 1
- Gravitation – Part 2
- Gravitation – Part 3
- Gravitation – Part 4
- Gravitation – Part 5
- Gravitation – Part 6
- Gravitation – Part 7
- Gravitation – Part 8
- Gravitation – Part 9
- Gravitation – Part 10
- Gravitation – Part 11
- Gravitation – Part 12
- Gravitation – Part 13
- Gravitation – Part 14
- Gravitation – Part 15
- Gravitation – Part 16
- Gravitation – Part 17
- Gravitation – Part 18
- Gravitation – Part 19
- Gravitation – Part 20
- Gravitation – Part 21
- Gravitation – Part 22
- Gravitation – Part 23
- Gravitation – Part 24
- Gravitation – Part 25
- Gravitation – Part 26
- Gravitation – Part 27
- Gravitation – Part 28
- Gravitation – Part 29
- Gravitation – Part 30
- Gravitation – Part 31
- Gravitation – Part 32
- Gravitation – Part 34
- Gravitation – Part 35
- Gravitation – Part 36
- Gravitation – Part 37
- Gravitation – Part 38
- Gravitation – Part 39
- Gravitation – Part 40
- Gravitation – Part 41
- Gravitation – Part 42
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