Gravitation – Complete Intermediate Notes

Stage 1 • Page 4 • Mass, Weight & Weightlessness


1. Mass

Mass is the quantity of matter contained in a body.

  • Scalar quantity
  • Independent of location
  • Remains constant everywhere
  • SI unit: kilogram (kg)

Key Idea:
Mass measures inertia, not gravitational pull.


2. Weight

Weight is the gravitational force acting on a body due to Earth.

W = mg

  • Vector quantity
  • Acts vertically downward
  • Depends on value of g
  • SI unit: newton (N)

Exam Tip:
Weight changes with height, depth, latitude — mass never changes.


3. Difference Between Mass and Weight

Mass Weight
Constant Variable
Scalar Vector
kg N

4. Weightlessness

A body is said to be in a state of weightlessness when its apparent weight becomes zero.

This happens when:

  • Body is in free fall
  • Lift is falling freely
  • Satellite is revolving around Earth

Important:
Weightlessness does NOT mean absence of gravity.


5. Apparent Weight

Apparent weight is the normal reaction exerted by the support on a body.

Depending on motion of lift:

  • Lift at rest / uniform speed: Apparent weight = mg
  • Lift accelerating upward: Apparent weight = m(g + a)
  • Lift accelerating downward: Apparent weight = m(g − a)
  • Free fall: Apparent weight = 0

IIT Favourite:
Lift problems are commonly mixed with Newton’s laws.


6. Apparent Weight on Other Planets

Weight of a body on another planet depends on its gravitational acceleration.

Wplanet = m gplanet

  • Mass remains same
  • Weight changes
  • g depends on planet’s mass and radius

7. Common Mistakes to Avoid

  • Confusing weightlessness with zero gravity
  • Using mg during free fall
  • Forgetting acceleration sign in lift problems
  • Assuming mass changes on other planets

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