Gravitation – Final Revision Sheet

One-Page Formulas • Concepts • Exam Triggers (IIT/JEE)


1️⃣ CORE FORMULAS (Must Recall Instantly)

  • Gravitational Force: F = GMm / r²
  • Gravitational Field: g = GM / r²
  • Gravitational Potential: V = −GM / r
  • Potential Energy: U = −GMm / r
  • Orbital Speed: v = √(GM / r)
  • Escape Velocity: ve = √(2GM / r)
  • Total Energy (orbit): E = −GMm / (2r)
  • Kepler’s Law: T² ∝ r³

2️⃣ g VARIATION QUICK MAP

  • At surface → maximum
  • At height h → g = g₀ (R² / (R + h)²)
  • At depth d → g = g₀ (1 − d/R)
  • At centre → g = 0

Graph Insight: Linear inside Earth • Inverse square outside


3️⃣ ORBIT CLASSIFICATION (By Energy)

  • E < 0 → Circular / Elliptical
  • E =

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