🔥 Thermodynamics – Stage 1

Page 1 : Foundation & Core Concepts (JEE / Intermediate)

What is Thermodynamics?
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat, work, temperature, and energy transfer on a macroscopic level.

1️⃣ Thermodynamic System

A system is the part of the universe under study.

Examples:
• Gas in a cylinder
• Water in a closed container
• Steam inside an engine

2️⃣ Surroundings

Everything outside the system which can interact with it is called surroundings.

System + Surroundings = Universe

3️⃣ Types of Thermodynamic Systems

(a) Open System
• Exchange of mass and energy
• Example: Boiling water in open vessel

(b) Closed System
• Exchange of energy only
• Example: Gas in a piston

(c) Isolated System
• No exchange of mass or energy
• Example: Thermos flask

4️⃣ Thermodynamic State

The condition of a system described by macroscopic variables is called its state.

State Variables:
• Pressure (P)
• Volume (V)
• Temperature (T)

5️⃣ Thermodynamic Process

Any change of a system from one state to another is called a thermodynamic process.

Examples:
• Heating gas at constant volume
• Expansion of gas at constant pressure

6️⃣ Quasi-Static Process

A process carried out infinitely slowly such that the system remains in equilibrium throughout is called a quasi-static process.

All thermodynamic equations are valid only for quasi-static processes.

7️⃣ State Function vs Path Function

State Functions:
• Depend only on initial and final states
• Examples: P, V, T, Internal Energy (U)

Path Functions:
• Depend on the path followed
• Examples: Heat (Q), Work (W)

8️⃣ Thermodynamic Equilibrium

A system is in thermodynamic equilibrium when it is simultaneously in:

• Mechanical equilibrium
• Thermal equilibrium
• Chemical equilibrium

JEE Key Observations

• Heat and work are NOT properties of system
• Only equilibrium states are meaningful
• Slow processes simplify analysis
• State variables define system completely

👉 Next Page:
Page 2 – Work, Heat & PV Diagrams (with formulas)

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🔥 Thermodynamics – Objective Final Revision

Thermodynamics – Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
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