🔥 Thermodynamics – Stage 1

Page 10 : Cyclic Process, Heat Engine & Refrigerator

Picture used in thermodynamic s iit material

This page connects physics concepts directly to real machines.

1️⃣ Cyclic Process

A process in which the system returns to its initial state after a series of steps.

ΔU = 0 (Internal energy is a state function)

Therefore:
Net Heat Supplied = Net Work Done

2️⃣ Heat Engine

A heat engine converts heat energy into useful work by operating in a cycle.

Components:
• Hot reservoir (T_H)
• Working substance
• Cold reservoir (T_C)

Heat absorbed from hot source = Q_H
Heat rejected to cold sink = Q_C

3️⃣ Work Done by Heat Engine

W = Q_H − Q_C

This work is obtained per cycle

4️⃣ Efficiency of Heat Engine

η = W / Q_H

η = 1 − (Q_C / Q_H)

⚠ Efficiency can never be 100%

5️⃣ Carnot Heat Engine (Maximum Efficiency)

Carnot engine is an ideal reversible engine.

η_Carnot = 1 − (T_C / T_H)

⚠ Temperatures must be in Kelvin

6️⃣ Refrigerator

A refrigerator transfers heat from low temperature to high temperature using external work.

Heat extracted from cold space = Q_C
Work input = W

7️⃣ Coefficient of Performance (COP)

COP (Refrigerator) = Q_C / W

For Carnot Refrigerator:
COP = T_C / (T_H − T_C)

8️⃣ Heat Pump

Heat pump focuses on heat delivered to hot space.

COP (Heat Pump) = Q_H / W

COP (Heat Pump) = COP (Refrigerator) + 1

9️⃣ JEE Advanced Traps

⚠ Do not mix efficiency and COP
⚠ Always use absolute temperature
⚠ Carnot efficiency depends only on temperatures

✅ Stage 1 Completed Successfully!
👉 Next: Stage 2 – Advanced Applications & Numerical Mastery

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🔥 Thermodynamics – Objective Final Revision

Thermodynamics – Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Set 6
Set 7
Set 8
Set 9
Set 10
Set 11
Set 12
Set 13
Set 14
Set 15
Set 16
Set 17
Set 18
Set 19
Set 20
Set 21
Set 22
Set 23
Set 24
Set 25
Set 26
Set 27
Set 28
Set 29
Set 30
Set 31
Set 32
Set 33
Set 34
Set 35
Set 36
Set 37
Set 38
Set 39
Set 40
Set 41
Set 42
Set 43
Set 44
Set 45
Set 46
Set 47
Set 48
Set 49
Set 50
Set 51
Set 52
Set 53
Set 54
Set 55
Set 56
Set 57
Set 59

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