UPSC Prelims Special – Geography Synopsis | English | Page 5

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1. Biodiversity and Ecosystem

Biodiversity refers to the variety of plants, animals, and microorganisms present in an ecosystem. It is essential for ecological balance and sustainable development.

Components of Biodiversity

• Genetic Diversity
• Species Diversity
• Ecosystem Diversity

India is one of the world’s mega biodiversity countries.

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2. Environmental Pollution

Environmental pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the environment affecting air, water, and land resources.

Types of Pollution

• Air Pollution
• Water Pollution
• Soil Pollution
• Noise Pollution

Major Causes

• Industrial emissions
• Vehicle pollution
• Plastic waste
• Deforestation

Air pollution is a major urban environmental challenge.

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3. Climate Change and Global Warming

Climate change refers to long-term changes in temperature and weather patterns caused mainly by greenhouse gas emissions.

Greenhouse Gases

• Carbon Dioxide
• Methane
• Nitrous Oxide
• Water Vapor

Impacts of Climate Change

• Rise in global temperature
• Melting glaciers
• Sea level rise
• Extreme weather events

Global warming is one of the biggest environmental challenges today.

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4. Conservation of Natural Resources

Conservation involves the sustainable use and protection of natural resources for future generations.

Conservation Measures

• Afforestation
• Rainwater Harvesting
• Wildlife Protection
• Renewable Energy Usage

National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries help conserve biodiversity.

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5. Disaster Management

Disaster management includes preparedness, response, mitigation, and recovery measures to reduce disaster risks and losses.

Types of Disasters

• Earthquakes
• Floods
• Cyclones
• Droughts
• Landslides

Preparedness and early warning systems reduce disaster impacts.

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Quick Revision Points

• India – Mega biodiversity country
• Air Pollution – Urban challenge
• Greenhouse Gases cause global warming
• Afforestation supports conservation
• Early warning systems reduce disaster damage

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Practice MCQ

Which gas is primarily responsible for global warming?

• A) Oxygen
• B) Nitrogen
• C) Carbon Dioxide
• D) Hydrogen

Correct Answer: C) Carbon Dioxide

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