Special Topic – UPSC Geography Synopsis
UPSC Prelims Geography Revision | Page 6
Natural Resources, Pollution, Biodiversity and Sustainable Development
Natural resources and biodiversity are essential for human survival and economic growth. Proper conservation and sustainable development are necessary for protecting the environment.
Natural Resources
Natural resources are materials obtained from nature that are useful for human life and development.
Types of Natural Resources
- Renewable Resources
- Non-Renewable Resources
Renewable Resources
These resources can be replenished naturally. Examples: Solar energy, wind energy and forests.
Non-Renewable Resources
These resources take millions of years to form. Examples: Coal, petroleum and natural gas.
Conservation of Natural Resources
- Afforestation
- Rainwater harvesting
- Recycling
- Efficient utilization
Conservation helps in maintaining ecological balance and ensuring resources for future generations.
Pollution
Pollution refers to undesirable changes in the physical, chemical or biological environment.
Types of Pollution
- Air Pollution
- Water Pollution
- Soil Pollution
- Noise Pollution
Air Pollution
Air pollution is caused by harmful gases, industrial smoke and vehicle emissions.
Effects
- Respiratory diseases
- Global warming
- Acid rain
- Climate change
Water Pollution
Water pollution occurs due to industrial waste, sewage and agricultural chemicals.
Effects
- Water-borne diseases
- Loss of aquatic life
- Shortage of clean water
Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms found on Earth. It includes plants, animals and microorganisms.
Importance of Biodiversity
- Ecological balance
- Food security
- Medicinal resources
- Climate stability
India is one of the mega biodiversity countries in the world.
Biodiversity Hotspots in India
- Western Ghats
- Eastern Himalayas
- Indo-Burma Region
- Sundaland
Western Ghats is one of the richest biodiversity regions in India.
Deforestation
Deforestation refers to large-scale cutting of forests. It creates serious environmental problems.
Effects of Deforestation
- Soil erosion
- Loss of biodiversity
- Climate change
- Floods and droughts
Global Warming
Global warming refers to the increase in Earth’s average temperature due to greenhouse gases.
Greenhouse Gases
- Carbon Dioxide
- Methane
- Nitrous Oxide
Burning fossil fuels increases greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate Change
Climate change refers to long-term changes in temperature and weather patterns.
Causes
- Industrialization
- Deforestation
- Pollution
- Excessive use of fossil fuels
Sustainable Development
Sustainable development means using resources wisely without harming future generations.
Goals of Sustainable Development
- Environmental protection
- Economic growth
- Social equality
- Resource conservation
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
The United Nations introduced 17 Sustainable Development Goals to achieve global peace, prosperity and environmental sustainability.
Important SDGs
- No Poverty
- Zero Hunger
- Quality Education
- Climate Action
- Life on Land
Environmental Protection Measures
- Use of renewable energy
- Waste recycling
- Forest conservation
- Pollution control
- Public awareness
Environmental conservation is essential for sustainable human development.
Important UPSC Facts
- Coal is a non-renewable resource
- Western Ghats is a biodiversity hotspot
- Greenhouse gases cause global warming
- Deforestation leads to soil erosion
- SDGs promote sustainable development
Quick Revision Box
- Renewable Resources → Can be replenished
- Air Pollution → Harmful gases in atmosphere
- Biodiversity → Variety of life forms
- Global Warming → Increase in Earth’s temperature
- SDGs → Sustainable Development Goals
- Deforestation → Cutting of forests
Mind Map – Environment & Sustainability
-
Environment
- Natural Resources
- Pollution
- Biodiversity
- Climate Change
- Global Warming
- Sustainable Development
Shaktimatha Learning
UPSC Geography Synopsis – English Version
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