Special Topic – UPSC Geography Synopsis
UPSC Prelims Geography Revision | Page 14
Environment, Ecosystem and Biodiversity
Environment and biodiversity are essential for ecological balance and sustainable development. Conservation of ecosystems is important for the survival of life on Earth.
Environment
Environment includes all living and non-living surroundings that influence life on Earth.
Components of Environment
- Biotic Components
- Abiotic Components
Biotic Components
Living organisms such as plants, animals and microorganisms are called biotic components.
Abiotic Components
Non-living elements such as air, water, soil and sunlight are called abiotic components.
Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a functional unit where living organisms interact with each other and with their physical environment.
Types of Ecosystems
- Forest Ecosystem
- Grassland Ecosystem
- Desert Ecosystem
- Aquatic Ecosystem
Structure of Ecosystem
- Producers
- Consumers
- Decomposers
Producers
Green plants prepare food through photosynthesis.
Consumers
Animals depend on plants or other animals for food.
Decomposers
Bacteria and fungi break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients.
Food Chain and Food Web
Energy flows through ecosystems in the form of food chains and food webs.
Example of Food Chain
Grass → Deer → Tiger
Food webs are more complex networks of interconnected food chains.
Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms present on Earth.
Types of Biodiversity
- Genetic Diversity
- Species Diversity
- Ecosystem Diversity
India is one of the mega biodiversity countries in the world.
Biodiversity Hotspots in India
- Western Ghats
- Eastern Himalayas
- Indo-Burma Region
- Sundaland
The Western Ghats are rich in endemic species.
Importance of Biodiversity
- Ecological balance
- Medicinal resources
- Food security
- Climate regulation
Biodiversity supports human survival and ecosystem stability.
Threats to Biodiversity
- Deforestation
- Pollution
- Climate change
- Habitat destruction
- Overexploitation
Human activities are major causes of biodiversity loss.
Conservation of Biodiversity
In-Situ Conservation
Protection of species in their natural habitat. Examples: National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.
Ex-Situ Conservation
Protection outside natural habitats. Examples: Zoos and Botanical Gardens.
National Parks and Biosphere Reserves
Important National Parks
- Jim Corbett National Park
- Kaziranga National Park
- Gir National Park
- S
No comments:
Post a Comment