Special Topic – UPSC Indian History Synopsis
UPSC History Revision | Page 34
Freedom Movement, Gandhi Era and Swadeshi Movement
The Indian freedom movement was a long struggle against British colonial rule. Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership, mass movements and the Swadeshi Movement strengthened Indian nationalism and unity.
Rise of Nationalism
Indian nationalism developed due to political awareness, economic exploitation and social reforms.
Factors Responsible for Nationalism
- British economic exploitation
- Spread of western education
- Growth of press and literature
- Social reform movements
Swadeshi Movement
The Swadeshi Movement started in 1905 after the Partition of Bengal.
Objectives
- Boycott foreign goods
- Promote Indian industries
- Encourage national unity
Methods of Swadeshi Movement
- Boycott of British goods
- Promotion of indigenous products
- National education movement
- Public meetings and protests
Important Leaders
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak
- Bipin Chandra Pal
- Lala Lajpat Rai
- Aurobindo Ghosh
These leaders were called Lal-Bal-Pal.
Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi became the leader of the Indian national movement after returning from South Africa.
Principles of Gandhi
- Truth (Satya)
- Non-violence (Ahimsa)
- Satyagraha
Champaran Satyagraha (1917)
Champaran Satyagraha was Gandhi’s first major movement in India.
Objective
- Support indigo farmers against exploitation
Kheda Satyagraha
The Kheda movement demanded tax relief for farmers affected by crop failure.
Ahmedabad Mill Strike
Gandhi supported textile workers in demanding higher wages.
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)
The Non-Cooperation Movement encouraged Indians to boycott British institutions.
Methods
- Boycott schools and colleges
- Boycott foreign goods
- Resign from government jobs
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)
The Civil Disobedience Movement started with the Dandi March.
Dandi March
- Led by Mahatma Gandhi
- Opposed salt tax
- Promoted mass participation
Quit India Movement (1942)
The Quit India Movement demanded immediate independence for India.
Slogan
“Do or Die”
The movement became a mass uprising against British rule.
Revolutionary Movements
Many revolutionaries adopted militant methods against British rule.
Important Revolutionaries
- Bhagat Singh
- Chandrashekhar Azad
- Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose formed the Indian National Army (INA).
Important Slogans
- “Give me blood, and I will give you freedom”
- “Jai Hind”
Role of Women in Freedom Struggle
- Sarojini Naidu
- Aruna Asaf Ali
- Kasturba Gandhi
- Rani Lakshmibai
Indian Independence Act (1947)
The Indian Independence Act ended British rule in India.
Important Features
- Partition of India and Pakistan
- Transfer of power
- End of British authority
Important UPSC Facts
- Swadeshi Movement started in 1905
- Champaran was Gandhi’s first movement in India
- Dandi March opposed salt tax
- Quit India Movement started in 1942
- INA was formed by Subhas Chandra Bose
Quick Revision Box
- Swadeshi → Boycott foreign goods
- Gandhi → Ahimsa and Satyagraha
- Dandi March → Salt protest
- Quit India → “Do or Die”
- INA → Subhas Chandra Bose
- 1947 → Independence of India
Mind Map – Freedom Movement
-
Indian Freedom Struggle
- Swadeshi Movement
- Non-Cooperation
- Civil Disobedience
- Quit India Movement
- INA
- Independence
Shaktimatha Learning
UPSC Indian History Synopsis – English Version
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